This report details an open-channel flow experiment conducted using the Armfield C4-MKII flume and F1-10 hydraulics bench. The experiment focused on verifying fundamental principles of open-channel flow, including the measurement of flow rate, water depth, and the observation of hydraulic jumps. The data collected allows for the validation of theoretical calculations and an understanding of the complexities involved in open-channel hydraulics. This report will cover the experimental setup, procedure, results, analysis, and conclusions drawn from the experiment. The findings are relevant to various engineering disciplines, particularly within the Department of Water Resources Engineering.
1. Introduction
Open-channel flow, a critical aspect of hydraulic engineering, involves the flow of water in a channel with a free surface exposed to atmospheric pressure. Understanding the behavior of open-channel flow is crucial for the design and operation of various hydraulic structures, including canals, rivers, spillways, and sewers. This experiment utilized a controlled laboratory setting to investigate key characteristics of open-channel flow, providing valuable practical experience supplementing theoretical knowledge. The experiment specifically focuses on:
* Measurement of discharge: Determining the volumetric flow rate of water through the flume.
* Water depth measurement: Accurately measuring the water depth at various points along the flume.
* Observation of hydraulic jump: Observing and analyzing the characteristics of a hydraulic jump, a rapid transition from supercritical to subcritical flow.
* Verification of theoretical equations: Comparing experimental results with theoretical predictions based on established hydraulic equations.
This report is structured as a comprehensive lab report, fulfilling the requirements of a Hydraulics 3: Open Channel Flow course (similar to those found in a Hydraulics Lab Report or Open Channel Flow LAB REPORT format common in university settings like the Department of Water Resources Engineering, CE department, or a university like UTHM). It covers aspects similar to those found in a Lab 1 report on Flow in Open Channel, and provides a Full Report Flow in Open Channel experiment. The experiment is directly related to the topic of a Hydraulic jump experiment in a rectangular open channel flume.
2. Experimental Setup
The experiment was conducted using the Armfield C4-MKII rectangular open channel flume and the Armfield F1-10 hydraulics bench. The F1-10 bench served as the pumping and recirculation system, providing a constant supply of water to the flume. A flow valve on the bench allowed precise regulation of the discharge. The C4-MKII flume is a transparent rectangular channel, enabling clear visualization of the flow. The flume's dimensions were carefully measured prior to the experiment to ensure accurate calculations.
Water depth was measured using point gauges located along the flume. These gauges provide a precise measurement of the water surface elevation relative to a fixed datum. The difference between the water surface elevation and the flume bed elevation gives the water depth. The discharge was measured using a calibrated flow meter integrated within the F1-10 hydraulics bench. The flow meter provides a direct reading of the volumetric flow rate in liters per second (L/s) or cubic meters per second (m³/s). The experiment also utilized a weir to control and measure the flow in certain sections of the experiment, providing an alternative method of discharge measurement.
3. Experimental Procedure
The experiment was conducted in several stages:
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